Circular 302. Edition 1
Last modified:1/1/2004
Human Factors Digest No. 16 - Cross-Cultural Factors in Aviation Safety
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I C A OCIRCULARINTERNATIONALCIVIL AVIATIONORGANIZATIONMONTREALCANADACIRCULAR 302-AN/1752004HUMAN FACTORS DIGESTNo. 16CROSS-CULTURAL FACTORSIN AVIATION SAFETYApproved by the Secretary Generaland published under his authority
i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ................................................................. 1 Chapter 1. Culture, context and cultural interfaces in aviation ........................ 4 Introduction ............................................................ 4 Culture and context ...................................................... 5 Cultural interfaces ....................................................... 8 Summary .............................................................. 12 Chapter 2. The safety case for cultural interfaces in aviation ......................... 13 Introduction ............................................................ 13 The SHEL model ........................................................ 13 Reasons model of latent conditions .......................................... 16 Cultural interfaces and the Threat and Error Management model .................... 19 Summary .............................................................. 21 Chapter 3. A dominant model in aviation some consequences ....................... 22 Manufacturing .......................................................... 22 Markets and standards .................................................... 22 Research and technology .................................................. 25 Global consequences of weighted interfaces ................................... 26 Interactions at weighted cultural interfaces ..................................... 28 Summary .............................................................. 29 Chapter 4. The way forward ................................................... 31 Introduction ............................................................ 31 Raising awareness It takes two to tango ...................................... 31 Data-driven research ..................................................... 36 Cultural mediators An indispensable component ................................ 37 Summary and conclusion .................................................. 37 References and additional reading ............................................... 39
1 INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE The objective of this digest is to provide the participants in the decision-making process in the aviation industry including regulatory authorities and airline personnel with an awareness of cultural interfaces and the impact of cross-cultural factors on aviation safety. While the digest suggests possible avenues of action, it does not however propose solutions, because these solutions will only emerge as consequences of cross-cultural research in operational settings. AUDIENCE The digest is aimed at managers of both civil aviation administrations and the airline industry, including airline operational and training managers. The target audience also includes regulatory bodies, safety and investigation agencies and training establishments, as well as senior and middle non-operational airline management. WHY THIS DIGEST IS IMPORTANT Cross-cultural interactions are a daily occurrence in international civil aviation, but their real significance to aviation safety is only marginally understood. In the absence of clear understanding, the safety issues underlying cross-cultural interactions are either ignored or incomplete assumptions about their significance are made. Disturbingly, some of these incomplete assumptions are acted upon. Therefore, the first step is to define and analyse the safety cases potentially underlying cross-cultural interactions and cultural interfaces in international civil aviation specifically, to identify those areas with the greatest potential to threaten the safety and efficiency of aviation operations. Decision-makers in international civil aviation will find in this digest the basic information to guide them in defining and analysing these safety cases. SUMMARY OF THE DIGEST Chapter 1 provides the background on culture, context and cultural interfaces in aviation. Chapter 2 presents the safety case for cultural interfaces in aviation safety by using the SHEL model, the Reasons model of latent conditions, and the Threat and Error Management TEM model. Chapter 3 discusses the evolution of a dominant model or way of doing things in aviation and highlights both the positive and negative consequences of that dominance with regard to cultural interfaces. Chapter 4 proposes a way forward through two solutions a raise awareness of cultural interfaces and their threat potential among various aviation personnel, including those who shape the dominant model and
2 ICAO Circular 302-AN/175 b collect systematic data in the operating context of different regions around the world in order to quantify the risks posed by different cultural interfaces and to understand local adaptations to the dominant model. BACKGROUND Unlike no other technology before or since, aviation is responsible for creating the global village. It is now possible to reach any part of the world by air, and to do so in previously unimaginable time. Whereas international travel had previously been a privilege of the wealthy elite or the adventurer, the world today is accessible to more and more people. Business, leisure, even religious pilgrimages are now achieved with the help of air travel. Aviation has changed the way we think about the world and about what is possible in the world. Civil aviation is the global success that it is today because of its dedication to improving safety. This pursuit of improved standards has advanced the industry in several directions. First and foremost, brilliant minds have created ever more sophisticated machinery todays aircraft are extraordinary marvels achieving speeds and load factors never before imagined. A second avenue of improvement has focused on the human being in the aviation system. By placing the human at the centre of the aviation enterprise, the Hawkins SHEL model reminded us that people must still handle even the best machinery. Crew Resource Management CRM expanded the Human Factors horizon from individuals to teams, while Reasons model of organizational accidents went one step further to show how policies and activities at the management level can impact safety-related activities throughout an airline, including in the cockpit. This constant dedication to improving safety has led to the examination of cross-cultural factors in aviation safety. The prevailing approach to the way activities in global aviation are conducted has been shaped in large part by manufacturers of technology and the largest customers. The standards and practices of the industry have been shaped through competitive deregulation, professional interest groups, and resource-rich investment in technology. The outcome of this influence and investment is an outstanding safety record that civil aviation now enjoys. However, despite this overall success, some regions of the world do not enjoy the same high safety record as others, prompting the question why International standards and practices should be equally relevant, equally applied, equally enforced and equally affordable around the world. However, the ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme has demonstrated that this is not the case. Regional accident rates vary around the globe, suggesting that the prevailing model of aviation practice may not be equally applicable around the world. Understanding these variable safety statistics more completely was the impetus for this document, since the broadest understanding of those local or contextual factors affecting specific contexts may be the key to further progress in global aviation. This digest therefore attempts to present the safety case for the consideration of cross-cultural factors in aviation. It does so by focusing not on cultures as such but on cultural interfaces, i.e. those situations where members of one culture encounter people or artefacts from other cultures. To put it in the simplest terms, as long as we stay within the bounds of our own culture, all of the advantages of cultural membership hold Fellow members and the environment are predictable, thereby making daily routines easier and quicker. But as soon as we encounter members or artefacts aircraft, procedures, regulations from other cultures, these cultural efficiencies are challenged and the opposite occurs The environment becomes less predictable, more uncertain, and requires more cognitive effort. In time and with sufficient exposure, new habits will emerge to deal with the cultural interface. In civil aviation today, cross-cultural contact is the norm rather than the exception. In such a global context, cultural interfaces are a daily reality. To illustrate the safety case involving cultural interfaces, the digest builds upon three established industry conceptual models. First, the SHEL model introduces the notion of interfaces and notes their relevance for aviation Human Factors. Second, Reasons model of organizational accidents broadens the Human Factors horizon to include organizational factors that are distant but influential upon the cockpit. The safety case
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Doc 9683. Edition 1. Human Factors Training ManualDoc 9803. Edition 1. Line Operations sagety Audit (LOSA)Doc 9806. Edition 1. Human Factors Guidelines for Safety Audits ManualDoc 9842. Programme Budget of the Organization 2005-2006-2007Circular 323. Edition 1. Guidelines for Aviation English Training ProgrammesВСЕ ДОКУМЕНТЫALL DOCUMENTSICAO CIRCULASЦИРКУЛЯРЫCircular 302Индивидуальный Бандл № 18082022
Table Of Contents
COVER PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4