Doc 9837-AN/454 Amendment No. 1 14/4/14 MANUAL ON AUTOMATIC METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVING SYSTEMS AT AERODROMES Second Edition AMENDMENT NO. 1 1. Replace existing pages v, 1-1, 3-1, 3-2, 4-1, 4-2, 5-1, 6-1, 6-4 to 6-8, 7-1, 7-3 to 7-7, 8-1, 8-2, 9-1, 10-1 and 10-2 by the attached new pages dated 4/4/14. 2. Record the entry of this Amendment on page iii.
v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1-1 Chapter 2. Explanation of terms .................................................................................................................. 2-1 Chapter 3. Wind ............................................................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Measurement methods ................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.3 Algorithms and reporting ................................................................................................................ 3-1 3.4 Sources of error and maintenance ................................................................................................. 3-5 3.5 Calibration and maintenance .......................................................................................................... 3-7 3.6 Measurement locations .................................................................................................................. 3-7 Chapter 4. Visibility ...................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Measurement methods ................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.3 Algorithms and reporting ................................................................................................................ 4-2 4.4 Sources of error .............................................................................................................................. 4-5 4.5 Calibration and maintenance .......................................................................................................... 4-5 4.6 Measurement locations .................................................................................................................. 4-6 Chapter 5. Runway visual range ................................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Reporting in METAR/SPECI ........................................................................................................... 5-1 Chapter 6. Present weather ......................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Measurement methods ................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.3 Instrument limitations ...................................................................................................................... 6-4 6.4 Algorithms and reporting ................................................................................................................ 6-4 6.5 Sources of error .............................................................................................................................. 6-10 6.6 Calibration and maintenance .......................................................................................................... 6-11 6.7 Measurement locations .................................................................................................................. 6-11 Chapter 7. Clouds ......................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Measurement methods ................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.3 Algorithms and reporting ................................................................................................................ 7-3 7.4 Sources of error .............................................................................................................................. 7-4 7.5 Calibration and maintenance .......................................................................................................... 7-7 7.6 Measurement locations .................................................................................................................. 7-7 4/4/14 No. 1
vi Manual on Automatic Meteorological Observing Systems at Aerodromes Page Chapter 8. Air temperature and dew-point temperature ........................................................................... 8-1 8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8-1 8.2 Measurement methods ................................................................................................................... 8-1 8.3 Sources of error .............................................................................................................................. 8-3 8.4 Measurement locations .................................................................................................................. 8-3 Chapter 9. Pressure ...................................................................................................................................... 9-1 9.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9-1 9.2 Algorithms ...................................................................................................................................... 9-1 9.3 Sources of error .............................................................................................................................. 9-2 9.4 Calibration and maintenance .......................................................................................................... 9-3 9.5 Measurement locations .................................................................................................................. 9-3 Chapter 10. Supplementary information .................................................................................................... 10-1 Chapter 11. Integrated measurement systems .......................................................................................... 11-1 11.1 Categories of integrated measurement systems ............................................................................ 11-1 11.2 Calculation of meteorological parameters ...................................................................................... 11-3 11.3 Archiving of data ............................................................................................................................. 11-3 11.4 Data acquisition techniques ............................................................................................................ 11-5 11.5 Performance check and maintenance ............................................................................................ 11-5 11.6 Frequency of issue ......................................................................................................................... 11-5 Chapter 12. Remote sensing ....................................................................................................................... 12-1 12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 12-1 12.2 Measurement methods and potentials............................................................................................ 12-1 Chapter 13. Quality assurance .................................................................................................................... 13-1 Appendix A. Algorithms ............................................................................................................................... App A-1 Appendix B. Specifying meteorological instruments for automatic meteorological observing systems ................................................................................................................ App B-1 Appendix C. Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ App C-1
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