The purpose of this manual is to assist in the implementation of the procedures defined in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aircraft Operations (PANS-OPS, Doc 8168). It does this by breaking down each major procedure into a series of simple, easily understood steps, using examples to illustrate the main types of procedure. Some useful methods of simplifying mathematical aspects of procedure design are included in Attachment B2 to this manual, together with an illustration of the use of the collision risk model (CRM) in Attachment B5. Attachment B3 amplifies some items that are likely to be encountered in the procedure design. Attachment C1 illustrates methods of accounting for charting inaccuracies and includes one State’s directive and codification system.

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