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Doc 10101 First Edition Corrigendum No. 1 English only 18/10/21 Manual on Flight Crew-Machine Interface Recordings First Edition CORRIGENDUM No. 1 1. Please replace pages 4-3, 4-4, and A-2 with the following replacement pages in Doc 10101, First Editionbearing the following notation2.Please record the entry of this Corrigendum on page iii. END 18/10/21 Corr. 1
Chapter 4. Examples of architecture 4-3 Figure 4-1. ARTCC video flow capture 4.3.2 The operation of switches and selectors can be recorded by the FDR, by using a screen capture method in the case of virtual switches and selectors or through the use of an image recorder in the cockpit. In addition, the operation of a switch or selector that produces a distinctive acoustic signature could be recorded by the cockpit area microphone of the CVR. 4.3.3 The above mechanisms can be physical, such as a button next to a screen or a landing gear handle, or virtual, such as touching a button on a screen. 4.3.4 Annex 6, Part I, Appendix 8, Table A8-1, on parameter characteristics for flight data recorders, contains requirements to record switch positions by the FDR at rates from 1/4 Hz to 1 Hz. These switches are listed in Table 4-1 below. Table 4-1. Parameter characteristics for flight data recorders FDR Parameter PFD Parameter Frequency 8 Radio transmission keying 1 Hz 15 Autopilot/auto throttle/AFCS mode and engagement status 1 Hz 28 GPWS/TAWS/Ground collision avoidance system GCAS status selection of terrain display mode including pop-up display status and terrain alerts, both cautions and warnings, and advisories and on/off switch position 1 Hz 18/10/21 Corr. 1
4-4 Manual on Flight Crew-Machine Interface Recordings FDR Parameter PFD Parameter Frequency 32 Landing gear and gear selector position 1/4 Hz 69 De-icing and/or anti-icing systems selection 1/4 Hz 76 Event marker 1 Hz 4.3.5 Using this as a basis, at a minimum, switches recorded by screen capture systems should be recorded at 1/4 Hz or 1 Hz, respectively. 4.3.5.1 Screen-capture requirements are not intended to replace FDR requirements they are an additional independent requirement. For example, the FDR requirement to record engine temperatures cannot be met by recording the screen displaying engine temperatures to the flight crew because the screen displaying engine temperature may freeze or lock up. It may be acceptable in other instances, such as video recording of the stick shaker. 4.3.6 Push button switch operation and recording 4.3.6.1 For switches and controls recording purposes, there are three attributes associated with a button push. 4.3.6.2 The first attribute is the actual button or virtual button press by flight crew, shown in green in row 1 of Figure 4-2. The second attribute is one that can be applied by the button control system. Once the button control system detects a change, it holds the press signal for a specified period of time to ensure it is detected and recorded by the switches and selector recording system. This is shown in blue, in row 2 of Figure 4-2. The third attribute is the actual activation of the system involved, as shown in yellow, in row 3 of Figure 4-2. Figure 4-2 also shows the switches and controls recording interval of 4 Hz, in black, in row 4. 4.3.6.3 Figure 4-2 shows two scenarios to describe how the selector and switch system could work. 4.3.6.3.1 In Scenario 1, a crew member presses a button or virtual button for 200 milliseconds ms. The button control system detects this event and holds the signal for 500 ms to ensure the button press is detected by the recording system shown in row 4 of Figure 4-2. The system involved switches from an OFF state to ON as is shown in row 3 of Figure 4-2 however due to latency, this action occurs one second after the initial button press by the crew member. In scenario 1, the controls and switches recorder would record a button press for 500 ms and the system activating one second after activation. 4.3.6.3.2 Scenario 2 is similar to Scenario 1 however, in this case the crew member presses the button for 750 ms. Since the event is longer than the 500 ms minimum for the button control system, it records the entire event. Also, the switches and control system would record that the system was already active as is indicated in row 3 of Figure 4-2. In Scenario 2, the switches and control system would record a 750 ms button press and that the system was already active. 4.3.7 Selector, toggle or tumbler switch operation and recording Using Figure 4-2, toggle and tumbler switches can be seen as ON or OFF as shown in row 3. The selected state of the toggle or tumbler switch is recorded by the switches and selector recording system, but only if the toggle or tumbler switch is activated during a recording interval. For example, a switch could be moved for 200 ms between recording events, or it could be captured if it passed over a time interval that is recorded. A toggle or tumbler switch can have more than two states as well as an invalid state such as placing the switch between position 2 and 3 if this is possible, the system should be able to distinguish between these states switch positions. 18/10/21 Corr. 1
A-1 Attachment A ARCHITECTURE FOR SCREEN CAPTURING This attachment provides additional information for the two architectures discussed in section 4.2 of this manual that can be used to capture information on electronic displays, namely, video signal splicing and video signal repeating. 1. VIDEO SIGNAL SPLICING 1.1 This architecture inserts a video splitter between the graphics generator unit and the display unit DU one channel goes to the display unit and the other to the flight recorder. This architecture is possible only for display systems that have a graphics generator unit separate from a display unit. 1.2 The aviation industry is combining graphics generation into the display unit, often referred to as a smart DU. Smart DUs are common in small aircraft under 7 500 kg and private transport category aeroplanes business jets, and pose a challenge to this type of architecture. 1.3 The most common video wiring types are coaxial and fibre-optic. Coaxial wiring is typically used with liquid crystal display LCD DUs however, fibre-optic wiring is becoming more prevalent. Splitting a video signal provided by coaxial wiring is similar to splitting television video signals to multiple televisions. Unlike fibre-optic systems, coaxial cable has more degradation over wire length and often cannot tolerate long distances. Fibre-optic wiring offers a significant reduction to wiring weight and reduces installation complexity relative to coaxial wiring. Splitting fibre-optic wiring differs as light waves are used to transmit the video signal. There are passive fibre-optic splitter components available however, they insert a significant amount of light loss in the overall link budget. The components work off a percentage signal split. In the case of a 60 per cent / 40 per cent splitter, 60 per cent of the light strength is routed to one output and the remaining 40 per cent to the other output. Fibre-optic signals by nature have no degradation of signal strength over long distances however, signal strength is lost at connectors and wiring breaks. Depending on where the graphics generator units, display units, flight recorders and wiring breaks are located, the fibre-optic signal strength to the DUs or flight recorder could be compromised. 1.4 Aircraft using a bus, such as the ARINC 429 digital information transfer system DITS, will not be able to split the signal and copy one of the channels because of the nature of a video signal. Instead, a video signal must be intercepted and passed on by specialized equipment commonly called a splitter. It should be noted that while the name of this device implies the signal is split, it is actually captured and then passed on. When considering the use of a DITS splitter, it must be decided if it will be passive or active. A passive splitter does not require power and consists of components that can make one video input into two or more video outputs. An active splitter requires power in order to do the same function as a passive splitter. 1.5 Splitter architecture can accommodate HUD systems, whether the DU is integrated into the display system or is part of a federated system driven by a separate HUD computer, since HUDs use DU interfaces. 1.6 The role the DU plays in processing graphics data must be considered. There are instances where the DU does little processing beyond unpacking the image data from the graphics generator unit and displaying it. There are other scenarios where the DU may do some image rendering around external video inputs a video feed is sent direct to a DU instead of going through a graphics generator unit, or some amount of graphics work that for whatever reason could not be done by the graphics generator unit.
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