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Circular 234. Издание 1

Документ обновлён на дату:01.01.1992

Human Factors Digest No. 5 - Operational Implications of Automation in Advanced Technology Flight Decks

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CIRCULAR 234-AN/1421992HUMAN FACTORS DIGESTNo. 5OPERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATIONIN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FLIGHT DECKSApproved by the Secretary Generaland published under his authorityI C A OCIRCULARINTERNATIONALCIVIL AVIATIONORGANIZATIONMONTREALCANADA

iTABLE OF CONTENTSPageIntroduction.............................................................. 1Chapter 1. An Introduction to Automation....................................... 3Chapter 2. Issues and Concerns in Automation................................. 11Chapter 3. Training for Automation........................................... 20Chapter 4. Management Techniques and Coping Strategies....................... 27Appendix 1. Field studies in automation....................................... 30Appendix 2. Automation principles from Wiener and Curry 1980.................. 36Appendix 3. Statement of automation philosophy, Delta Air Lines 1990............. 38Appendix 4. Recommended reading.......................................... 39

1INTRODUCTION1.This digest presents the Human Factors implications of automation and advanced technologyflight decks. The purpose of the digest is to identify operational and training issues, and to provide anunderstanding of the problems in the interface between humans and automation, with emphasis on the wayin which automation affects human performance. It is primarily directed to training managers and operationalpersonnel, but pilots and other operational personnel will also benefit from this digest, as will regulatoryauthorities.2.This digest has an operational orientation, and it does not address issues of equipment designand certification. A special digest on flight deck and systems design will be published later, and it is expectedthat these two digests will contribute to the understanding of the problems faced by operational personnelwhen new technology is introduced.3.Automation has been gradually introduced in flight decks and in the aviation system overtime. Flight deck automation has made aircraft operations safer and more efficient a one per cent reductionin fuel consumption translates into annual savings of 100 000 000 for the IATA carriers of one particularState by ensuring more precise flight manoeuvres, providing display flexibility, and optimising cockpit space.In the interest of flight safety, however, this digest focuses on actual and potential problems and issues. Thisis because of the need to define and understand these problems, and it is not intended to be a reflection onthe technology itself. To keep a proper perspective, it must be unequivocally stated that, in the long run, thebenefits of automation far outweigh the problems.4.Although there is still no international consensus regarding the proper use of automation, thereis no question that the reduction in accidents related to human error can, in part, be explained by theintroduction of automation on the flight deck. However, the record also shows that failures of automaticequipment, and, more frequently, mismatches at the human-equipment interface, remain as crucial links inthe causal chain of accidents and incidents.5.One of the reasons for the introduction of automation was the elimination of human error. Sofar, it has been successful in the elimination of certain type of errors. But in other cases, what has takenplace is a displacement of error. Experience indicates that while automation may eliminate small errors, itmay increase the potential for large errors. These are examples of the messages which this digest attemptsto convey.6.This digest comprises the followingChapter 1 presents the history of automation in aviation, proposes a definition ofautomation, addresses the evolutionary nature of automation, and stresses the need foran automation philosophy.Chapter 2 addresses some of the problems of automation and illustrates what worked andwhat did not with regard to the expectations for automation.Chapter 3 refers to the training of operational personnel with special emphasis on flightcrew training.

2ICAO Circular 234-AN/142Chapter 4 refers to management techniques and coping strategies, other than training,which have been or can be employed to solve automation problems.Appendix 1 includes the field studies in automation completed to the present date.Appendix 2 presents the Automation Principles elaborated by Wiener and Curry in 1980.Appendix 3 presents an example of automation philosophy, as proposed by one operator.Appendix 4 presents a list of recommended reading.7.This digest was produced with the assistance of the ICAO Flight Safety and Human FactorsStudy Group, and especially of its advisor Prof. Earl L. Wiener of the University of Miami and NASA Ames.Additional sources of information included the Report of the NASA/Industry workshop Flight Deck Auto-mation Promises and Realities Susan Norman and Harry Orlady, editors August 1988, and the documentTraining for Advanced Technology Aircraft, by Study Group advisor Capt. Harry Orlady, July 1988.8.Four other Human Factors digests have been published by ICAODigest No. 1 Fundamental Human Factors Concepts Circular 216Digest No. 2 Flight Crew Training Cockpit Resource Management CRM and Line-Oriented Flight Training LOFT Circular 217Digest No. 3 Training of Operational Personnel in Human Factors Circular 227 andDigest No. 4 The Proceedings of the ICAO Human Factors Seminar at LeningradCircular 229.

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