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Circular 241. Издание 1

Документ обновлён на дату:01.01.1993

Human Factors Digest No. 8 - Human Factors in Air Traffic Control

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CIRCULAR 241-AN/1451993HUMAN FACTORS DIGESTNo. 8HUMAN FACTORS INAIR TRAFFIC CONTROLApproved by the Secretary Generaland published under his authorityI C A OCIRCULARINTERNATIONALCIVIL AVIATIONORGANIZATIONMONTREALCANADA

iTABLE OF CONTENTSPage Introduction................................................................1Chapter 1. The Evolution of Air Traffic Control...................................3Human Factors within systems............................................3Matching human and machine............................................3The SHEL Model.......................................................4The evolution of air traffic control..........................................5The future of air traffic control.............................................6Transfer of information..................................................7Chapter 2. The Controllers Workspace.........................................8Application of ergonomic data............................................8Buildings.............................................................8Room layout..........................................................8Suites...............................................................9Towers..............................................................10Console profile........................................................10Anthropometry........................................................10Layout and responsibilities...............................................12The physical environment................................................12Visual displays........................................................14Input devices..........................................................15Minimum acceptable conditions...........................................16Communications.......................................................16Controller proficiency...................................................17Classes of information..................................................18Chapter 3. Automation in Air Traffic Control.....................................20Full or partial automation................................................20Reasons for automation.................................................20Goals of automation....................................................21Constraints...........................................................22The application of automation............................................23Further implications of automation.........................................24Team functions........................................................25Standardization........................................................26Human-machine interface and human error.................................26

iiICAO Circular 241-AN/145Page Chapter 4. The Selection and Training of Air Traffic Controllers....................28Selection of applicants..................................................28Tests................................................................28Other data............................................................29Training..............................................................29Training content and teaching............................................30Aspects of training.....................................................31Training and system changes.............................................32Chapter 5. The Human Element Specific Attributes.............................34Recognition of their significance...........................................34Stress...............................................................34Boredom.............................................................35Confidence and complacency............................................36Error prevention.......................................................36Fatigue..............................................................37Needs at work.........................................................38Attitudes.............................................................38Functions of teams.....................................................39Individual differences...................................................39A general Human Factors view...........................................40Appendix. List of Recommended Reading.........................................41

1INTRODUCTION1.This digest deals with Human Factors issues related to air traffic control ATC. Its objectiveis to provide practical Human Factors guidance to those concerned with ATC systems. It is intended to showhow human capabilities and limitations can influence task performance and safety. Sources of Human Factorsknowledge are also identified. The target audience includes air traffic controllers and supervisors, ATCmanagers and planners, civil aviation administrators and equipment designers. The digest also seeks toprovide information that is useful for the whole international aviation community and to introduce the non-specialist to Human Factors issues relevant to ATC.2.This digest contains the followingChapter 1 describes the evolution of ATC, including a brief account of how to considerHuman Factors within a systemChapter 2 deals with requirements associated with the design of controllers workspacesand makes recommendations about themChapter 3 explains the Human Factors issues raised by the introduction of automatedequipment into ATC workstationsChapter 4 outlines selection criteria for controllers and discusses issues regarding airtraffic controller trainingChapter 5 considers specific human attributes relevant to ATC systems andthe Appendix provides a list of references and recommended reading.3.This digest was prepared with the guidance and assistance of the ICAO Flight Safety andHuman Factors Study Group. The original draft was prepared by Study Group Advisor Mr. V. David Hopkin,Human Factors Consultant to the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority.4.The other digests in this series areDigest No. 1 Fundamental Human Factors Concepts Circular 216Digest No. 2 Flight Crew Training Cockpit Resource Management CRM and Line-Oriented Flight Training LOFT Circular 217Digest No. 3 Training of Operational Personnel in Human Factors Circular 227Digest No. 4 Proceedings of the ICAO Human Factors Seminar Circular 229

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