Circular 306. Edition 1
Last modified:1/1/2005
Regional Differences in International Airline Operating Economics: 2000 and 2001
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Orders should be sent to one of the following addresses, together with the appropriate remittance by bank draft, cheque or money orderin U.S. dollars or the currency of the country in which the order is placed. Credit card orders American Express, MasterCard and Visaare accepted at ICAO Headquarters.International Civil Aviation Organization. Attention Document Sales Unit, 999 University Street, Montral, Quebec, Canada H3C 5H7Telephone 1 514 954-8022 Facsimile 1 514 954-6769 Sitatex YULCAYA E-mail salesicao.intWorld Wide Web http//www.icao.intChina. Glory Master International Limited, Room 434B, Hongshen Trade Centre, 428 Dong Fang Road, Pudong, Shanghai 200120Telephone 86 137 0177 4638 Facsimile 86 21 5888 1629 E-mail glorymasteronline.sh.cnEgypt. ICAO Regional Director, Middle East Office, Egyptian Civil Aviation Complex, Cairo Airport Road, Heliopolis, Cairo 11776Telephone 20 2 267 4840 Facsimile 20 2 267 4843 Sitatex CAICAYA E-mail icaoidsc.net.egFrance. Directeur rgional de lOACI, Bureau Europe et Atlantique Nord, 3 bis, villa mile-Bergerat, 92522 Neuilly-sur-Seine Cedex Tlphone 33 1 46 41 85 85 Fax 33 1 46 41 85 00 Sitatex PAREUYA Courriel icaoeurnatparis.icao.intGermany. UNO-Verlag GmbH, Am Hofgarten 10, D-53113 Bonn / Telephone 49 0 2 28-9 49 0 20 Facsimile 49 0 2 28-9 49 02 22E-mailinfouno-verlag.de World Wide Web http//www.uno-verlag.deIndia. Oxford Book and Stationery Co., Scindia House, New Delhi 110001 or 17 Park Street, Calcutta 700016Telephone 91 11 331-5896 Facsimile 91 11 332-2639Japan. Japan Civil Aviation Promotion Foundation, 15-12, 1-chome, Toranomon, Minato-Ku, TokyoTelephone 81 3 3503-2686 Facsimile 81 3 3503-2689Kenya. ICAO Regional Director, Eastern and Southern African Office, United Nations Accommodation, P.O. Box 46294, Nairobi Telephone 254 20 622 395 Facsimile 254 20 623 028 Sitatex NBOCAYA E-mail icaoicao.unon.orgMexico. Director Regional de la OACI, Oficina Norteamrica, Centroamrica y Caribe, Av. Presidente Masaryk No. 29, 3er Piso,Col. Chapultepec Morales, C.P. 11570, Mxico D.F. / Telfono 52 55 52 50 32 11 Facsmile 52 55 52 03 27 57 Correo-e icaonaccmexico.icao.intNigeria. Landover Company, P.O. Box 3165, Ikeja, LagosTelephone 234 1 4979780 Facsimile 234 1 4979788 Sitatex LOSLORK E-mail aviationlandovercompany.comPeru. Director Regional de la OACI, Oficina Sudamrica, Apartado 4127, Lima 100Telfono 51 1 575 1646 Facsmile 51 1 575 0974 Sitatex LIMCAYA Correo-e maillima.icao.intRussian Federation. Aviaizdat, 48, Ivan Franko Street, Moscow 121351 / Telephone 7 095 417-0405 Facsimile 7 095 417-0254Senegal. Directeur rgional de lOACI, Bureau Afrique occidentale et centrale, Bote postale 2356, DakarTlphone 221 839 9393 Fax 221 823 6926 Sitatex DKRCAYA Courriel icaodkricao.snSlovakia. Air Traffic Services of the Slovak Republic, Letov prevdzkov sluzby Slovenskej Republiky, State Enterprise, Letisko M.R. Stefnika, 823 07 Bratislava 21 / Telephone 421 7 4857 1111 Facsimile 421 7 4857 2105South Africa. Avex Air Training Pty Ltd., Private Bag X102, Halfway House, 1685, JohannesburgTelephone 27 11 315-0003/4 Facsimile 27 11 805-3649 E-mail avexiafrica.comSpain. A.E.N.A. Aeropuertos Espaoles y Navegacin Area, Calle Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, 14, Planta Tercera, Despacho 3. 11,28027 Madrid / Telfono34 91 321-3148 Facsmile 34 91 321-3157 Correo-e sscc.ventasoaciaena.esSwitzerland. Adeco-Editions van Diermen, Attn Mr. Martin Richard Van Diermen, Chemin du Lacuez 41, CH-1807 BlonayTelephone 41 021 943 2673 Facsimile 41 021 943 3605 E-mail mvandiermenadeco.orgThailand. ICAO Regional Director, Asia and Pacific Office, P.O. Box 11, Samyaek Ladprao, Bangkok 10901Telephone 66 2 537 8189 Facsimile 66 2 537 8199 Sitatex BKKCAYA E-mail icaoapacbangkok.icao.intUnited Kingdom. Airplan Flight Equipment Ltd. AFE, 1a Ringway Trading Estate, Shadowmoss Road, Manchester M22 5LHTelephone 44 161 499 0023 Facsimile 44 161 499 0298 E-mail enquiriesafeonline.com World Wide Web http//www.afeonline.comCatalogue of ICAO Publicationsand Audio-visual Training AidsIssued annually, the Catalogue lists all publications and audio-visual training aids currently available.Monthly supplements announce new publications and audio-visual training aids, amendments, supplements, reprints, etc.Available free from the Document Sales Unit, ICAO.3/04Published in separate English, Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish editions by the International Civil AviationOrganization. All correspondence, except orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to the Secretary General.
i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1. Introduction........................................................ 1-1 Chapter 2. Levels of unit revenues.............................................. 2-1 Passenger traffic............................................................ 2-1 Freight and mail traffic........................................................ 2-7 Chapter 3. Regional differences in scheduled passenger unit revenues and related costs.............................................................. 3-1 Overall financial results by international route group.................................. 3-1 Comparison of results for 2001 with those for 1999................................... 3-2 Variations in revenue/cost ratios among airlines..................................... 3-7 Chapter 4. Factors causing regional differences in costs............................ 4-1 Aircraft mix and stage length................................................... 4-1 Prices for aircraft fuel and oil................................................... 4-3 Airport and associated charges.................................................. 4-4 Load factor................................................................. 4-5 Other causes of regional differences in costs....................................... 4-6 Summary of the causes of regional differences in costs............................... 4-7 Appendix 1. Data sources and coverage.......................................... A1-1 Sources................................................................... A1-1 Coverage.................................................................. A1-1 Appendix 2. Method of analysis and margins of uncertainty.......................... A2-1 Method of analysis........................................................... A2-1 Margins of uncertainty........................................................ A2-4 Appendix 3. Questionnaires relating to revenues and costs.......................... A3-1 I. Facsimiles of questionnaires and attachments................................... A3-3 II. Respondents to questionnaires............................................... A3-9
1-1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 This circular has been prepared pursuant to ICAO Assembly Resolution A33-19, Appendix G, which requests the Council to instruct the Secretary General to issue periodically a study on regional differences on the level of international air transport operating costs, analysing how differences in operations and input prices may affect their levels and the impact that changes in costs may have on air transport tariffs. This study on Regional Differences in International Airline Operating Economics 2000 and 2001 succeeds one which covered the years 1998 and 1999 and was published in 2003 Circular 293-AT/125 and one which covered the years 1992 to 1997 Circular 280-AT/117 published in 2000. Prior to that, similar studies were published annually under the title Regional Differences in Fares, Rates and Costs for International Air Transport, which covered the years 1976 to 1992. The studies are now published biennially or every other year, although data have continued to be collected and analysed on an annual basis. The present circular focuses on the years 2000 and 2001. 1.2 For 17 international route groups, comprising all international routes, passenger, freight and mail revenue yield data are presented in Chapter 2 for scheduled services, along with passenger revenue yield data for non-scheduled operations. With reference to the same route groups, regional differences in the costs related to the scheduled service passenger yields are presented in Chapter 3. The major causes of regional differences in costs are identified in Chapter 4. In Chapters 2 and 3, the 2001 results are compared with those for 1999. 1.3 The sources of data used in the study are given in Appendix 1, together with information on the sample sizes on which revenue and cost data are based. The method of analysis used in the study is presented in Appendix 2, together with information on the margins of uncertainty, a factor which should be borne in mind when considering the results of studies of this nature. Facsimiles of the questionnaire and information on responses appear in Appendix 3. 1.4 Unless indicated otherwise, all references to cents in this circular mean U.S. cents and all references to dollars mean U.S. dollars.
2-1 Chapter 2 LEVELS OF UNIT REVENUES Passenger traffic 2.1 Estimates of average unit passenger revenues in 2000 and 2001 by route group are presented in Table 2-1. 2.2 Column 1 of Table 2-1 shows the average revenue per passenger-kilometre for scheduled passenger traffic on each route group for 2000 and 2001. These data are considered representative of all airlines operating on the particular route group and also include estimates for non-reporting airlines. The data are presented without distinction to class of travel or fare type. Thus, they represent the overall weighted average for all individual routes on all route groups and for all fare types. The overall average revenue per passenger-kilometre excluding incidental revenues was estimated at 7.45 cents for 2000 and 7.24 cents for 2001. However, the route group averages vary from a high of 14.6 cents in local Europe to a low of 4.8 cents on routes across the Mid-Atlantic in 2000 and from a high of 14.0 cents in local Middle East to a low of 4.9 cents on routes across the Mid-Atlantic in 2001. Due to inadequate representation in reporting, two route groups local Central America/Caribbean and local Africa are not included in this analysis, although their estimates are included in the worldwide totals for both years. 2.3 Column 2 of Table 2-1 depicts the average revenue per passenger-kilometre for non-scheduled passenger traffic reported for each route group for 2000 and 2001. In this case, no attempt has been made to estimate the unit revenues for non-reporting air carriers. In addition, it should be borne in mind that the average unit revenues may not be for the same set of airlines for both years in each route group. The reason is that the availability of data is limited and dependent upon the reporting of air carriers whose composition may differ from year to year. The average revenue per passenger-kilometre for non-scheduled services ranges from a high of 18.9 cents for traffic between North America/Central America/Caribbean and South America to a low of 4.8 cents on routes within Europe in 2000 and from a high of 13.8 cents on routes within the Middle East to a low of 3.8 cents on routes across the Mid-Atlantic in 2001. Except for routes within Europe, where the bulk of non-scheduled operations is to be found, the non-scheduled traffic reported is limited in volume. It is estimated that non-scheduled traffic represented some 13 and 14 per cent of the total international passenger-kilometres performed in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Columns 3 and 4 of Table 2-1 show the average passenger load factor for scheduled services and non-scheduled services, respectively. 2.4 On a worldwide basis, the estimated average revenue per passenger-kilometre for scheduled services at 7.24 cents in 2001 showed a decrease of some 4 per cent from the level in 1999. Comparable data by route group between 1999 and 2001 are available for only 14 individual route groups. Out of these 14 route groups, 11 showed decreases, ranging from a reduction of some 11 per cent for routes between Europe and the Middle East to some 1 per cent for routes across the North and Mid-Pacific. The increases on the remaining 3 route groups range between 2 per cent for routes between North America/Central America/Caribbean and South America to 4 per cent for routes within North America Figure 2-1. 2.5 The changes in yields experienced between 1999 and 2001 reflect the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against most of the other world currencies, especially the currencies of countries in Africa, Europe, Asia/Pacific and South America. The relative change between 1999 and 2001 would, in many cases, be significantly different if expressed in the national currencies of the airlines concerned. A brief evaluation of this effect is given in Chapter 3 paragraphs 3.11 and 3.12.
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Annex 9. Edition 16. FacilitationAnnex 17. Edition 12. Aviation Security. Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful InterferenceCircular 280. Edition 1. Regional Differences in International Airline Operating Economics: 1997Circular 293. Edition 1. Regional Differences in International Airline Operating Economics: 1998 and 1999Circular 310. Edition 1. Regional Differences in International Airline Operating Economics, 2002 and 2003Circular 316. Edition 1. Regional Differences in International Airline Operating Economics, 2004 and 2005Circular 327. Edition 1. Regional Differences in International Airline Operating Economics: 2006 and 2007ВСЕ ДОКУМЕНТЫALL DOCUMENTSICAO CIRCULASЦИРКУЛЯРЫCircular 306
Table Of Contents
COVER PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3