Circular 300. Edition 1
Last modified:1/1/2003
Human Factors Digest No. 15 - Human Factors in Cabin Safety
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i FOREWORD Safety of the civil aviation system is the major objective of ICAO. Considerable progress has been made, but additional improvements are needed and can be achieved. It has long been known that less than optimum human performance underlies the majority of aviation accidents and incidents, indicating that any advance in this field will have a significant impact on the improvement of aviation safety. This was recognized by the ICAO Assembly, which in 1986 adopted Resolution A26-9 on Flight Safety and Human Factors. As a follow-up to the Assembly Resolution, the Air Navigation Commission formulated the following objective for the task To improve safety in aviation by making States more aware and responsive to the importance of human factors in civil aviation operations through the provision of practical human factors material and measures developed on the basis of experience in States, and by developing and recommending appropriate amendments to existing materials in Annexes and other documents with regard to the role of human factors in the present and future operational environments. Special emphasis will be directed to the human factors issues that may influence the design, transition and in-service use of the future ICAO CNS/ATM systems. One of the methods chosen to implement Assembly Resolution A26-9 is the publication of guidance materials, including manuals and a series of digests, which address various aspects of Human Factors and their impact on aviation safety. These documents are intended primarily for use by States to increase the awareness of their personnel on the influence of human performance on safety. The target audience of Human Factors manuals and digests is the managers of both civil aviation administrations and the airline industry, including airline safety, training and operational managers. The target audience also includes regulatory bodies, safety and investigation agencies and training establishments, as well as senior and middle, non-operational airline management. This digest is an introduction to the latest information available to the international aviation community on relevant Human Factors considerations for aircraft passenger cabin safety. OVERVIEW Chapter 1 describes how cabin crew training is geared towards the development of emerging competencies in support of the establishment and maintenance of high team performance standards. This has been achieved with the development of a CRM-based team approach to solving complex operational problems. Chapter 2 addresses the fact that critical safety briefings are usually ignored by passengers. The safety briefings content and procedures need to be enhanced to optimize their potential safety benefit. Chapter 3 presents the numerous issues surrounding aircraft exit and evacuation. There are several aspects of aircraft exit and evacuation that can help mitigate the risk of severe injuries. The completion of a safe evacuation is highly dependent on the usability of safety equipment. It also depends on a relevant Human Factors aspect which is the competent management of passenger behaviour e.g. disruptive passengers for the safety of others. Disruptive, competitive behaviours have been reported in studies of evacuations with monetary incentives and in accident reports where evacuations have taken place during a cabin fire.
ii ICAO Circular 300-AN/173 Chapter 4 highlights several central organizational considerations, such as culture, policy development and implementation, and error management, all of which directly impact the attainment of operational objectives. These organizational factors need to be carefully considered so that they can support a human-centred safety and security culture throughout an organization. A brief overview of error management elements is also presented. Appendix A lists Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation that include Human Factors Standards and Recommended Practices. Appendix B describes human strength limits in the creation of design guides. Appendix C provides information on Human Factors audit elements for cabin crew training. Appendix D contains the Bibliography.
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ................................................................... v General ............................................................... v Definition of Human Factors ............................................... v A framework of Human Factors ............................................. v Liveware the individual ................................................. vi Human-technology interactions liveware-hardware L-H interface .............. vii Human-procedures interactions liveware-software L-S interface ............... vii Human-human interactions liveware-liveware L-L interface .................. vii Human-environment interactions liveware-environment L-E interface............ viii Human error ........................................................ viii Summary .............................................................. ix Acknowledgement ....................................................... ix Chapter 1. Human Factors in teams ............................................... 1 Team performance ....................................................... 1 Team leadership ..................................................... 2 Team performance in different aircraft types ................................. 2 Crew resource management and team performance ............................... 3 Cultural diversity ........................................................ 4 Summary .............................................................. 4 Chapter 2. Communication and coordination ........................................ 6 General ............................................................... 6 Cabin and flight crew communication ......................................... 6 Crew briefings ....................................................... 7 Communications systems ............................................... 9 Safety briefing messages and signs ........................................ 9 Accessibility and availability of safety information ............................ 10 Summary .............................................................. 11 Chapter 3. Abnormal events and conditions ......................................... 12 Standard operating procedures SOPs under abnormal conditions .................... 12 Aircraft exit and evacuation ................................................ 13 Communication during evacuations ....................................... 15 Safety equipment ..................................................... 16 Evacuation slides ..................................................... 18 Lighting ........................................................... 20 Cabin fire .......................................................... 21 Passenger management .................................................... 22 Cabin crews role and responsibilities ...................................... 22 Disruptive passenger behaviour .......................................... 23 Managing passenger conflict ............................................ 25 Passenger behaviour in actual emergencies .................................. 25
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Annex 3. Edition 20. Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation. Part I — Core SARPs. Part II — Appendices and AttachmentsAnnex 4. Edition 11. Aeronautical ChartsAnnex 5. Edition 5. Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations.Annex 6. Part 3. Edition 11. Operation of Aircraft. Part III. International Operations. HelicoptersAnnex 10. Vol 1. Edition 8. Aeronautical Telecommunications. Volume I. Radio Navigation AidsAnnex 11. Edition 15. Air Traffic ServicesAnnex 14. Vol 1. Edition 9. Aerodromes. Volume I. Aerodrome Design and OperationsAnnex 15. Edition 16. Aeronautical Information ServicesAnnex 16. Vol 2. Edition 5. Environmental Protection. Volume II. Aircraft Engine EmissionsDoc 8168. Vol 2. Edition 7. Procedures for Air Navigation Services. Aircraft Operations. Volume II. Construction of Visual and Instrument Flight ProceduresDoc 7192. Part 4. Edition 2. Training Manual Part D-1. Aircraft Maintenance (Technician/Engineer/Mechanic)Doc 9806. Edition 1. Human Factors Guidelines for Safety Audits ManualCircular 240. Edition 1. Human Factors Digest No. 7 - Investigation of Human Factors in Accidents and IncidentsCircular 253. Edition 1. Human Factors Digest No. 12 - Human Factors in Aircraft Maintenance and InspectionDoc 9842. Programme Budget of the Organization 2005-2006-2007Doc 10002. Edition 2. Cabin Crew Safety Training ManualВСЕ ДОКУМЕНТЫALL DOCUMENTSICAO CIRCULASЦИРКУЛЯРЫCircular 300Индивидуальный Бандл № 18082022
Table Of Contents
COVER PAGE
FOREWORD
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D